Assessment of atmospheric emissivity models for clear-sky conditions
2023
Morales-Salinas, Luis, Ortega-Farias, Samuel, Riveros-Burgos, Camilo, Chavez, Jose L., Wang, Sufen, Tian, Fei, Carrasco-Benavides, Marcos, Neira-Roman, Jose, Lopez-Olivari, Rafael, Fuentes-Jaque, Guillermo
Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Emissivity, Land Surface Temperature
Assessment of the relationship of the salt-covered area and the groundwater storage/drought indicators in the disappearing Lake Tuz in Turkey (19852021)
2023
Aydin-Kandemir, Fulya, Erlat, Ecmel
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Ground Water
Biomass-burning smoke's properties and its interactions with marine stratocumulus clouds in WRF-CAM5 and southeastern Atlantic field campaigns
2023
Howes, Calvin, Saide, Pablo E., Coe, Hugh, Dobracki, Amie, Freitag, Steffen, Haywood, Jim M., Howell, Steven G., Gupta, Siddhant, Uin, Janek, Kacarab, Mary, Kuang, Chongai, Leung, L. Ruby, Nenes, Athanasios, McFarquhar, Greg M., Podolske, James, Redemann, Jens, Sedlacek, Arthur J., Thornhill, Kenneth L., Wong, Jenny P. S., Wood, Robert, Wu, Huihui, Zhang, Yang, Zhang, Jianhao, Zuidema, Paquita
Fire Dynamics, Surface Radiative Properties , Land Surface Temperature
Between hunter and climate: the effects of hunting and environmental change on fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in two sympatric ungulate species in the Ruaha ...
2023
Hariohay, Kwaslema Malle, Hunninck, Louis, Ranke, Peter S, Fyumagwa, Robert D, Palme, Rupert, Rskaft, Eivin
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Boundary-dependent urban impacts on timing, pattern, and magnitude of heavy rainfall in Istanbul
2023
Donmez, Kutay, Donmez, Berkay, Diren-Ustun, Deniz H., Unal, Yurdanur
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Precipitation , Precipitation Amount, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Rain
Campaign situational awareness from operational satellite sounding retrievals
2023
Esmaili, Rebekah, Barnet, Christopher D.
Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Snow Cover , Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Snow Cover , Land Surface Temperature
Can global warming bring more dust?
2023
Zhou, Yumeng, Wu, Tongwen, Zhou, Yang, Zhang, Jie, Zhang, Fang, Su, Xiaole, Jie, Weihua, Zhao, He, Zhang, Yanwu, Wang, Jun
Aerosols , Aerosol Extinction, Aerosol Optical Depth/Thickness , Angstrom Exponent, Aerosol Particle Properties, Carbonaceous Aerosols, Dust/Ash/Smoke , Organic Particles, Sulfate Particles, Sulfur Oxides, Sulfur Compounds, Sulfate, Sulfur Dioxide , Sulfur Oxides, Particulate Matter, Dimethyl Sulfide, Black Carbon, Sea Salt, PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 2.5), PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 10), PARTICULATE MATTER (PM 1.0), Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Can plastic pollution contaminate loggerhead turtle nests? Evaluation of flame retardants (PBDEs) levels in the sand
2023
Sousa-Guedes, Diana, Cunha, Sara C., Fernandes, Jose O., Semedo, Diana, Sillero, Neftali, Marco, Adolfo, Bessa, Filipa
Emissivity, Land Surface Temperature
A shrinkage-free approach for fusing GRACE-based total water storage changes with models using wavelet multiresolution analysis
2023
Ghobadi-Far, Khosro, Werth, Susanna, Shirzaei, Manoochehr
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
A Simple and Efficient Deep Learning Architecture for Corn Yield Prediction
2023
Terliksiz, Anil Suat, Altilar, Deniz Turgay
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
A simplified multi-model statistical approach for predicting the effects of forest management on land surface temperature in Fennoscandia
2023
Huang, Bo, Li, Yan, Liu, Yi, Hu, Xiangping, Zhao, Wenwu, Cherubini, Francesco
Emissivity, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Cover
Analysis of River Runoff Characteristic Comparability Based on Long-term
2023
Fedotova, E. V., Burenina, T. A.
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Air Temperature, Specific Humidity, Evapotranspiration , Wind Speed , Rain, Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Cover , Snow Depth , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Analysis of snow load probabilistic models and calculation of reference
2023
Li, Jiaxu, Liu, Ming, Yan, Xu, Yang, Qianting, Liu, Yanyan
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Anopheles sampling collections in the health districts of Korhogo (Cote dIvoire) and Diebougou (Burkina Faso) between 2016 and 2018
2023
Taconet, Paul, Zogo, Barnabas, Soma, Dieudonne Diloma, Ahoua Alou, Ludovic P., Mouline, Karine, Dabire, Roch Kounbobr, Amanan Koffi, Alphonsine, Pennetier, Cedric, Moiroux, Nicolas
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Precipitation , Precipitation Amount, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Rain
Antarctic daily mesoscale air temperature dataset derived from MODIS land and ice surface temperature
2023
Nielsen, Eva Bendix, Katurji, Marwan, Zawar-Reza, Peyman, Meyer, Hanna
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Deriving the Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly From GRACE Spherical
2023
Zhang, Qingquan, Pan, Yun, Zhang, Chong, Gong, Huili
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Ground Water
Determination of Groundwater Storage Variation, Deficit, and Abstraction in Afghanistan and the Assessment of the Evolution of Vadose Zone in Kabul City
2023
Daqiq, Mohammad Taqi, Sharma, Ravi, Karunakalage, Anuradha, Kannaujiya, Suresh
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Developing the role of Earth observation in spatio-temporal mosquito modelling to identify malaria hot-spots
2023
Marston, Christopher, Rowland, Clare, ONeil, Aneurin, Irish, Seth, Watsenga, Francis, Martin-Gallego, Pilar, Aplin, Paul, Giraudoux, Patrick, Strode, Clare
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Considering flood scaling property in multi-objective calibration of the SWAT model: a case study in Zijinguan watershed, Northern China
2023
Zheng, Yanchen, Li, Jianzhu, Zhang, Ting, Rong, Youtong, Feng, Ping
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Cost-effective restoration for carbon sequestration across Brazil's biomes
2023
Barros, F.de.V., Lewis, K., Robertson, A.D., Pennington, R.T., Hill, T.C., Matthews, C., Lira-Martins, D., Mazzochini, G.G., Oliveira, R.S., Rowland, L.
Emissivity, Land Surface Temperature , Vegetation Index , Terrain Elevation , Topographical Relief Maps, Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Conflict forecasting using remote sensing data: An application to the Syrian civil war
2023
Racek, Daniel, Thurner, Paul W., Davidson, Brittany I., Zhu, Xiao Xiang, Kauermann, Goran
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Confluence simulations based on dynamic channel parameters in the grasslands lacking historical measurements
2023
Li, Mingyang, Liu, Tingxi, Duan, Limin, Ma, Long, Wu, Qiusheng, Wang, Yixuan, Wang, Sinan
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Contribution of climate change and vegetation restoration to interannual variability of evapotranspiration in the agro-pastoral ecotone in northern China
2023
Li, Xuliang, Xu, Xuefeng, Tian, Wei, Tian, Jie, He, Chansheng
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Continuing Severe Water Shortage in the WaterReceiving Area of the SouthToNorth Water Diversion Eastern Route Project From 2002 to 2020
2023
Xu, Yuyue, Gun, Zhao, Zhao, Jianwei, Chen, Jianli, Liu, Qing, Cheng, Xing, Sutanudjaja, Edwin H., Wang, Jida, Liu, Hehua, Zhan, Wenfeng
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Continuous increase in evaporative demand shortened the growing season of European ecosystems in the last decade
2023
Rahmati, Mehdi, Graf, Alexander, Poppe Teran, Christian, Amelung, Wulf, Dorigo, Wouter, Franssen, Harrie-Jan Hendricks, Montzka, Carsten, Or, Dani, Sprenger, Matthias, Vanderborght, Jan, Verhoest, Niko E. C., Vereecken, Harry
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Plant Characteristics, Plant Phenology, Vegetation Cover
Comparison of gap-filling methods for producing all-weather daily remotely sensed near-surface air temperature
2023
Mo, Yaping, Xu, Yongming, Liu, Yonghong, Xin, Yan, Zhu, Shanyou
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Reflectance , Albedo , Anisotropy
Data fusion for estimating high-resolution urban heatwave air temperature
2023
Wen, Zitong, Zhuo, Lu, Wang, Qin, Wang, Jiao, Liu, Ying, Du, Sichan, Abdelhalim, Ahmed, Han, Dawei
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
Crop production in Turkiye: trends and driving variables
2023
Rezaei, Ehsan Eyshi, Ghazaryan, Gohar, Yamac, Sevim Seda
Reflectance , Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Evapotranspiration , Latent Heat Flux
Crop Residue burning from high-resolution satellite imagery and PM2.5 dispersion: A case study of Mississippi County, Arkansas, USA
2023
Zamanialaei, Maryam, Shew, Aaron M., Fain, Justin J., Borkowski, Ally, McCarty, Jessica L.
Fire Dynamics, Surface Radiative Properties , Land Surface Temperature
Decreasing elevational gradient in peak photosynthesis timing on the Tibetan Plateau
2023
Liu, Yongwen, Ding, Jinzhi, Li, Peilin, Zhang, Rongrong, Zhao, Jingxue, Dorji, Tsechoe
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Terrain Elevation , Digital Elevation/Terrain Model (DEM) , Topographical Relief Maps
Deep learning reveals rapid vegetation greening in changing climate from 1988 to 2018 on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
2023
Lou, Peiqing, Wu, Tonghua, Yang, Sizhong, Wu, Xiaodong, Chen, Jianjun, Zhu, Xiaofan, Chen, Jie, Lin, Xingchen, Li, Ren, Shang, Chengpeng, Wang, Dong, La, Yune, Wen, Amin, Ma, Xin
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Photosynthesis, Primary Production, VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY
Differential shortstopping behaviour in Whooping Cranes: Habitat or social learning?
2023
Mendgen, Philipp, Converse, Sarah J., Pearse, Aaron T., Teitelbaum, Claire S., Mueller, Thomas
Land Use/Land Cover , Anthropogenic/Human Influenced Ecosystems , Sustainability , Emissivity, Land Surface Temperature
Diagnosing evapotranspiration responses to water deficit across biomes
2023
Giardina, Francesco, Gentine, Pierre, Konings, Alexandra G., Seneviratne, Sonia I., Stocker, Benjamin D.
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Diagnosing the compound seasonal soil moisture-hydroclimate interaction regime on the Tibetan Plateau using multi-high-resolution reanalysis products and one ...
2023
Liu, Di, Yu, Zhongbo, Lu, Haishen, Gu, Huanghe, Yang, Chuanguo, Ju, Qin, Sun, Jiaqian, Fu, Xiaolei
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
On the Changing Snow Contribution to Runoff Across Turkiye
2023
CEVAHIR, Furkan Yunus Emre, DUYGU, Mustafa Berk
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Observed and predicted trends in Icelandic snow conditions for the period 19302100
2023
Eythorsson, Darri, Gardarsson, Sigurdur M., Gunnarsson, Andri, Sveinsson, Oli Gretar Blondal
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Observed and simulated local climate responses to tropical deforestation
2023
Smith, Callum, Robertson, Eddy, Chadwick, Robin, Kelley, Douglas I, Argles, Arthur P K, Coelho, Caio A S, de Souza, Dayana C, Kubota, Paulo Y, Talamoni, Isabela L, Spracklen, Dominick V, Baker, Jessica C A
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Albedo , Anisotropy, Evapotranspiration , Photosynthesis, Primary Production, Latent Heat Flux, Land Use/Land Cover Classification
Observed forest trait velocities have not kept pace with hydraulic
2023
Quetin, G. R., Anderegg, L. D. L., Boving, I., Anderegg, W. R. L., Trugman, A. T.
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Ground Water
Process-oriented models of autumn leaf phenology: ways to sound
2023
Meier, Michael, Bigler, Christof
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Quantifying burned area of wildfires in the western United States from polar-orbiting and geostationary satellite active-fire detections
2023
Berman, Melinda T., Ye, Xinxin, Thapa, Laura H., Peterson, David A., Hyer, Edward J., Soja, Amber J., Gargulinski, Emily M., Csiszar, Ivan, Schmidt, Christopher C., Saide, Pablo E.
Fire Dynamics, Surface Radiative Properties , Land Surface Temperature
Prolonged Drought in a Northern California Coastal Region Suppresses Wildfire Impacts on Hydrology
2023
Newcomer, Michelle E., Underwood, Jennifer, Murphy, Sheila F., Ulrich, Craig, Schram, Todd, Maples, Stephen R., Pena, Jasquelin, SiirilaWoodburn, Erica R., Trotta, Marcus, Jasperse, Jay, Seymour, Donald, Hubbard, Susan S.
Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Evaporation, Evapotranspiration , Rain, Snow, Canopy Characteristics, Leaf Characteristics, Vegetation Cover, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Albedo , Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Quantifying the human cost of global warming
2023
Lenton, Timothy M., Xu, Chi, Abrams, Jesse F., Ghadiali, Ashish, Loriani, Sina, Sakschewski, Boris, Zimm, Caroline, Ebi, Kristie L., Dunn, Robert R., Svenning, Jens-Christian, Scheffer, Marten
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Air Temperature, Specific Humidity, Evapotranspiration , Wind Speed , Rain, Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Cover , Snow Depth , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Quantifying Multi-Source Uncertainties in GRACE-Based Estimates of
2023
Li, Quanzhou, Pan, Yun, Zhang, Chong, Gong, Huili
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain, Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Regionalscale wilting point estimation using satellite SIF, radiativetransfer inversion, and soilvegetationatmosphere transfer simulation: A grassland study
2023
Kiyono, T., Noda, H. M., Kumagai, T., Oshio, H., Yoshida, Y., Matsunaga, T., Hikosaka, K.
Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Reflectance , Photosynthesis, Primary Production, VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY, Canopy Characteristics, Evergreen Vegetation, Crown, Deciduous Vegetation, Vegetation Cover, Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Snow Grain Size, Snow Cover , Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Remote Microwave Soil Drought Index Considering Dielectric Properties of
2023
Romanov, Andrey N., Khvostov, Ilya V., Ryabinin, Ivan V., Troshkin, Dmitry N., Romanov, Dmitry A.
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Remote Sensing Data for Digital Soil Mapping in French ResearchA Review
2023
Richer-de-Forges, Anne C., Chen, Qianqian, Baghdadi, Nicolas, Chen, Songchao, Gomez, Cecile, Jacquemoud, Stephane, Martelet, Guillaume, Mulder, Vera L., Urbina-Salazar, Diego, Vaudour, Emmanuelle, Weiss, Marie, Wigneron, Jean-Pierre, Arrouays, Dominique
Infrared Imagery, VISIBLE IMAGERY, THERMAL INFRARED, Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Remotely Sensed Agriculture Drought Indices for Assessing the Impact on
2023
Khlif, Manel, Escorihuela, Maria Jose, Chahbi Bellakanji, Aicha, Paolini, Giovanni, Lili Chabaane, Zohra
Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Fire Ecology, Biomass Burning, Wildfires , Fire Occurrence, Burned Area, Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
Remotely Sensed Agroclimatic Classification and Zoning in Water-Limited Mediterranean Areas towards Sustainable Agriculture
2023
Faraslis, Ioannis, Dalezios, Nicolas R., Alpanakis, Nicolas, Tziatzios, Georgios A., Spiliotopoulos, Marios, Sakellariou, Stavros, Sidiropoulos, Pantelis, Dercas, Nicholas, Dominguez, Alfonso, Martinez-Lopez, Jose Antonio, Lopez-Urrea, Ramon, Karam, Fadi, Amami, Hacib, Nciri, Radhouan
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Evapotranspiration , Latent Heat Flux
Remotely sensed evidence of the divergent climate impacts of wind farms on croplands and grasslands
2023
Liu, Naijing, Zhao, Xiang, Zhang, Xin, Zhao, Jiacheng, Wang, Haoyu, Wu, Donghai
Photosynthesis, Primary Production, VEGETATION PRODUCTIVITY, Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Evapotranspiration , Latent Heat Flux
Regional climate trend analyses for Aqua MODIS land surface temperatures
2023
Waring, Abigail Marie, Ghent, Darren, Perry, Mike, Anand, Jasdeep Singh, Veal, Karen L, Remedios, John
Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Snow Cover , Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Snow Cover , Land Surface Temperature