Advances in amazonian peatland discrimination with multi-temporal PALSAR Refines estimates of Peatland distribution, C stocks and deforestation
2022
Bourgeau-Chavez, Laura L., Grelik, Sarah L., Battaglia, Michael J., Leisman, Dorthea J., Chimner, Rod A., Hribljan, John A., Lilleskov, Erik A., Draper, Freddie C., Zutta, Brian R., Hergoualch, Kristell, Bhomia, Rupesh K., Lahteenoja, Outi
Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Dominant Species
Advances in data availability to constrain and evaluate frontal ablation
2022
Recinos, Beatriz, Maussion, Fabien, Marzeion, Ben
Ice Velocity
Blue-ice moraines formation in the Heritage Range, West Antarctica: Implications for ice sheet history and climate reconstruction
2022
Woodward, John, Hein, Andrew S., Winter, Kate, Westoby, Matthew J., Marrero, Shasta M., Dunning, Stuart A., Lim, Michael, Rivera, Andres, Sugden, David E.
Ice Velocity
Bridging the data gap between GRACE and GRACE-FO using artificial neural network in Greenland
2022
Zhang, Bao, Yao, Yibin, He, Yulin
Ice Velocity
British Antarctic Survey's aerogeophysical data: releasing 25 years of airborne gravity, magnetic, and radar datasets over Antarctica
2022
Fremand, Alice C., Bodart, Julien A., Jordan, Tom A., Ferraccioli, Fausto, Robinson, Carl, Corr, Hugh F. J., Peat, Helen J., Bingham, Robert G., Vaughan, David G.
Ice Velocity, PHASE AND AMPLITUDE, Return Power, RADAR IMAGERY, Sea Ice Elevation, Sea Ice Elevation, Bathymetry, Bed Elevation, Firn Air Content, Glacier/Ice Sheet Thickness, Terrain Elevation
Modeling the Deformation Regime of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica
2022
McCormack, F. S., Warner, R. C., Seroussi, H., Dow, C. F., Roberts, J. L., Treverrow, A.
Ice Velocity
Predictive Mapping of Electrical Conductivity and Assessment of Soil Salinity in a Western Turkiye Alluvial Plain
2022
Kaya, Fuat, Schillaci, Calogero, Keshavarzi, Ali, Basayigit, Levent
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Grounding line retreat and ice discharge variability at two surging, ice shelfforming basins of Flade Isblink ice cap, northern Greenland
2022
Moller, Marco, Friedl, Peter, Palmer, Steven J., Marzeion, Ben
Ice Velocity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Bathymetry, Bed Elevation, Glacier/Ice Sheet Thickness, Terrain Elevation
Lake level changes and paleo-precipitation estimations based on colluvial stratigraphy of Holocene sediments in West Anatolia (Simav Graben)
2022
Ocakoglu, Faruk, Kuzucuoglu, Catherine, Akbulut, Aydn, Cilingiroglu, Ciler
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Landslides associated with recent road constructions in the Rio Lucma catchment, eastern Cordillera Blanca, Peru
2022
EMMER, ADAM, HOLBLING, DANIEL, ABAD, LORENA, STEPANEK, PETR, ZAHRADNICEK, PAVEL, EMMEROVA, ILONA
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica
2022
Arthur, Jennifer F., Stokes, Chris R., Jamieson, Stewart S. R., Rachel Carr, J., Leeson, Amber A., Verjans, Vincent
Grounding Line, Basins, Coastline, Ice Shelves
Processing methodology for the ITS_LIVE Sentinel-1 ice velocity products
2022
Lei, Yang, Gardner, Alex S., Agram, Piyush
Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Ice Velocity
Seasonal land-ice-flow variability in the Antarctic Peninsula
2022
Boxall, Karla, Christie, Frazer D. W., Willis, Ian C., Wuite, Jan, Nagler, Thomas
Ice Velocity, Grounding Line, Basins, Coastline, Ice Shelves
Rapid fragmentation of Thwaites Eastern Ice Shelf
2022
Benn, Douglas I., Luckman, Adrian, Astrom, Jan A., Crawford, Anna J., Cornford, Stephen L., Bevan, Suzanne L., Zwinger, Thomas, Gladstone, Rupert, Alley, Karen, Pettit, Erin, Bassis, Jeremy
Grounding Line, Ice Velocity
Radar characterization of ice crystal orientation fabric and anisotropic viscosity within an Antarctic ice stream
2022
Jordan, T. M., Martin, C., Brisbourne, A. M., Schroeder, D. M., Smith, A. M.
Ice Velocity
Quantifying the impact of bedrock topography uncertainty in Pine Island Glacier projections for this century
2022
Wernecke, Andreas, Edwards, Tamsin L., Holden, Philip B., Edwards, Neil R., Cornford, Stephen L.
Ice Velocity, Basins, Coastline, Grounding Line, Ice Shelves, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Bathymetry, Bed Elevation, Firn Air Content, Glacier/Ice Sheet Thickness, Terrain Elevation
Repeated tidally induced hydrofracture of a supraglacial lake at the Amery Ice Shelf grounding zone
2022
Trusel, Luke D., Pan, Zhuolai, Moussavi, Mahsa
Grounding Line
Region-scale estimation of potential groundwater recharge in soft and hard rock formations through a distributed water balance in the area of influence of the tropical dry forest in the Cauca River canyon, Antioquia, Colombia
2022
Bastidas, Breiner Dan, Ossa, Juliana, Martinez, Cristina, Vela, Maria Alejandra, Betancur, Teresita, Osorio, Arbei
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Determination of areas with potential for wind power plant installation in Kars province using GIS analysis and AHP method
2022
DEMIR, Mucip
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Chlorine-36 Surface Exposure Dating of Late Holocene Moraines and Glacial Mass Balance Modeling, Monte Sierra Nevada, South-Central Chilean Andes ...
2022
Price, Brittany N., Stansell, Nathan D., Fernandez, Alfonso, Licciardi, Joseph M., Lesnek, Alia J., Munoz, Ariel, Sorensen, Mary K., Jaque Castillo, Edilia, Shutkin, Tal, Ciocca, Isabella, Galilea, Ianire
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Characteristics of surface melt potential over Antarctic ice shelves based on regional atmospheric model simulations of summer air temperature extremes from 1979 ...
2022
Orr, Andrew, Deb, Pranab, Clem, Kyle R., Gilbert, Ella, Bromwich, David H., Boberg, Fredrik, Colwell, Steve, Hansen, Nicolaj, Lazzara, Matthew A., Mooney, Priscilla A., Mottram, Ruth, Niwano, Masashi, Phillips, Tony, Pishniak, Denys, Reijmer, Carleen H., van de Berg, Willem Jan, Webster, Stuart, Zou, Xun
Basins, Coastline, Grounding Line, Ice Shelves
Elevation Change of CookE2 Subglacial Lake in East Antarctica Observed
2022
Moon, Jihyun, Lee, Hoseung, Lee, Hoonyol
Ice Velocity, RADAR IMAGERY, Sea Ice Elevation, Sea Ice Elevation, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography
Constraints on the nature and evolution of the volcanic fields of the Andahua Group, Central Volcanic Zone, southern Peru
2022
GAAS, Andrzej, NEMETH, Karoly, LEWINSKA, Paulina
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice
Dynamic mass loss from Greenland's marine-terminating peripheral glaciers (19852018)
2022
Bollen, Katherine E., Enderlin, Ellyn M., Muhlheim, Rebecca
Ice Velocity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness
Co-seismic landslide hazard assessment of Uttarakhand state (India) based on the modified Newmark model
2022
Gupta, Kunal, Satyam, Neelima
Reforestation, Terrestrial Ecosystems , Permafrost , Rock Glaciers, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Thickness/Ice Sheet Thickness, Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Roughness, Ice Temperature, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Reflectance , Sea Ice Motion , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice, Snow Cover , Landslides , Aeolian Landforms , Coastal Landforms , Fluvial Landforms, Glacial Landforms, Karst Landforms, Tectonic Landforms , Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Landscape Ecology, Landscape Patterns, Landscape Processes, Reforestation, Surface Roughness, Terrain Elevation , Topographic Effects, Barrier Islands, Beaches, Deltas, Dunes, Estuaries, Fjords, Inlets, Lagoons, Mangroves, Marshes, Rocky Coasts, Shorelines, Wind Waves, Surface Winds , Ice Deformation, Ice Depth/Thickness , Ice Edges, Ice Extent , Ice Floes, Ice Roughness, Ice Types, Icebergs , Leads, Pack Ice , Polynyas , Sea Ice Motion , Glacial Landforms, Caldera, Cinder Cone, Faults, Folds, Geyser, Graben, Horst, Lava Dome, Lava Plain, Maar, Mountains, Plateau, Ridge, Rift Valley, Tuya, Volcano, Tectonic Landforms, Earthquakes , Plate Tectonics, Volcanic Activity, Glacier Elevation/Ice Sheet Elevation, Glacier Motion/Ice Sheet Motion , Glacier Topography/Ice Sheet Topography, Glaciers , Ice Sheets, Icebergs , Ice Extent , Ice Growth/Melt , Ice Motion, Ice Velocity, Lake Ice , Permafrost , River Ice