Wildfire Impacts for Temperature Index Snowpack Model Parameters
2024
Giovando, Jeremy, Niemann, Jeffrey D., Fassnacht, Steven R.
Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar)
Impacts of climate change on global total and urban runoff
2023
Gray, Laura C., Zhao, Lei, Stillwell, Ashlynn S.
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Dynamic emergent leaf area in tidal wetlands: Implications for satellite-derived regional and global blue carbon estimates
2023
Hawman, Peter A., Mishra, Deepak R., O'Connell, Jessica L.
Geopotential Height, Altitude, Surface Temperature , Skin Temperature, Upper Air Temperature, Dew Point Temperature, Air Temperature, Cloud Top Temperature, Atmospheric Winds , Surface Winds , U/V Wind Components, Upper Level Winds, U/V Wind Components, Vertical Wind Velocity/Speed, Atmospheric Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Cloud Top Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Surface Pressure, Specific Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Cloud Liquid Water/Ice, Atmospheric Water Vapor, Atmospheric Ozone, Oxygen Compounds, Boundary Layer Winds, Total Ozone, Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar)
Ensemble precipitation estimates based on an assessment of 21 gridded precipitation datasets to improve precipitation estimations across Madagascar
2023
Ollivier, Camille C., Carriere, Simon D., Heath, Thomas, Olioso, Albert, Rabefitia, Zo, Rakoto, Heritiana, Oudin, Ludovic, Satge, Frederic
Heat Flux, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Specific Humidity, Water Vapor, Precipitation Rate , Snow/Ice , Evaporation, Latent Heat Flux, Latent Heat Flux, Sensible Heat Flux, Diffusion, Surface Winds , Wind Speed , U/V Wind Components, Wind Stress, Wind Stress, Surface Roughness, Planetary Boundary Layer Height, Ice Fraction, Total Surface Precipitation Rate, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Rain , Precipitation Amount, Snow
MERRA-2 tavgM_2d_flx_Nx: 2d,Monthly mean,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Surface Flux Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2TMNXFLX) at GES DISC TRMM (TMPA-RT) Near Real-Time Precipitation L3 1 day 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V7 (TRMM_3B42RT_Daily) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavgM_2d_lnd_Nx: 2d,Monthly mean,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Land Surface Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2TMNXLND) at GES DISC TRMM (TMPA) Precipitation L3 1 day 0.25 degree x 0.25 degree V7 (TRMM_3B42_Daily) at GES DISC GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 1 month 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V07 (GPM_3IMERGM) at GES DISC GPM IMERG Late Precipitation L3 1 day 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V07 (GPM_3IMERGDL) at GES DISC GPM IMERG Early Precipitation L3 Half Hourly 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V07 (GPM_3IMERGHHE) at GES DISC
Generation of High-Resolution Gridded Runoff Product for the Republic of Korea Sub-Basins from Seasonal Merging of Global Reanalysis Datasets
2023
Sunwoo, Woo-Yeon, Nguyen, Hoang Hai, Jun, Kyung-Soo
Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain , Precipitation Rate , Snow, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Temperature, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Ground Water , Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Late-fall satellite-based soil moisture observations show clear connections to subsequent spring streamflow
2023
Koster, Randal D., Liu, Qing, Crow, Wade T., Reichle, Rolf H.
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI)
Modeling atmosphereland interactions at a rainforest sitea case study using Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) measurements and reanalysis data
2023
Schmitt, Amelie U., Ament, Felix, de Araujo, Alessandro C., Sa, Marta, Teixeira, Paulo
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Atmospheric Radiation, Radiative Flux, Radiative Forcing, Surface Radiative Properties , Albedo , Emissivity, Cloud Properties, Cloud Fraction, Cloud Optical Depth/Thickness, Skin Temperature, Skin Temperature, Sea Surface Skin Temperature, Geopotential Height, Altitude, Surface Temperature , Upper Air Temperature, Dew Point Temperature, Air Temperature, Cloud Top Temperature, Atmospheric Winds , Surface Winds , U/V Wind Components, Upper Level Winds, U/V Wind Components, Vertical Wind Velocity/Speed, Atmospheric Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Cloud Top Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Surface Pressure, Specific Humidity, Total Precipitable Water, Cloud Liquid Water/Ice, Atmospheric Water Vapor, Atmospheric Ozone, Oxygen Compounds, Boundary Layer Winds, Total Ozone, Heat Flux, Water Vapor, Precipitation Rate , Latent Heat Flux, Latent Heat Flux, Sensible Heat Flux, Diffusion, Surface Winds , Wind Speed , Wind Stress, Wind Stress, Surface Roughness, Planetary Boundary Layer Height, Ice Fraction, Precipitation Amount, Snow, Rain
MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_lnd_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Land Surface Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXLND) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_rad_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Radiation Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXRAD) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_slv_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Single-Level Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXSLV) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_flx_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Surface Flux Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXFLX) at GES DISC GPM IMERG Final Precipitation L3 Half Hourly 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V07 (GPM_3IMERGHH) at GES DISC
Spatiotemporal variability and controlling factors of ecosystem water use efficiency in India
2023
Bejagam, Vijaykumar, Singh, Akriti, Sharma, Ashutosh
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Absorption, Radiative Forcing, Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
Spatio-temporal reconstruction of winter glacier mass balance in the Alps, Scandinavia, Central Asia and western Canada (19812019) using climate ...
2023
Guidicelli, Matteo, Huss, Matthias, Gabella, Marco, Salzmann, Nadine
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Geopotential Height, Atmospheric Ozone, Sea Level Pressure, Surface Pressure, Upper Air Temperature, Vertical Profiles, Air Temperature, Specific Humidity, U/V Wind Components, U/V Wind Components, Ozone Profiles, Altitude, Surface Temperature , Skin Temperature, Dew Point Temperature, Cloud Top Temperature, Atmospheric Winds , Surface Winds , Upper Level Winds, Vertical Wind Velocity/Speed, Atmospheric Pressure, Cloud Top Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Total Precipitable Water, Cloud Liquid Water/Ice, Atmospheric Water Vapor, Oxygen Compounds, Boundary Layer Winds, Total Ozone
MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_lnd_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Land Surface Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXLND) at GES DISC MERRA-2 inst6_3d_ana_Np: 3d,6-Hourly,Instantaneous,Pressure-Level,Analysis,Analyzed Meteorological Fields 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2I6NPANA) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavg1_2d_slv_Nx: 2d,1-Hourly,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Single-Level Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2T1NXSLV) at GES DISC
Seasonal forecasting skill for the high mountain Asia region in the Goddard Earth Observing System
2023
Massoud, Elias C., Andrews, Lauren, Reichle, Rolf, Molod, Andrea, Park, Jongmin, Ruehr, Sophie, Girotto, Manuela
Heat Flux, Air Temperature, Skin Temperature, Specific Humidity, Water Vapor, Precipitation Rate , Snow/Ice , Evaporation, Latent Heat Flux, Latent Heat Flux, Sensible Heat Flux, Diffusion, Surface Winds , Wind Speed , U/V Wind Components, Wind Stress, Wind Stress, Surface Roughness, Planetary Boundary Layer Height, Ice Fraction, Geopotential Height, Altitude, Surface Temperature , Upper Air Temperature, Dew Point Temperature, Cloud Top Temperature, Atmospheric Winds , Surface Winds , Upper Level Winds, U/V Wind Components, Vertical Wind Velocity/Speed, Atmospheric Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Cloud Top Pressure, Sea Level Pressure, Surface Pressure, Total Precipitable Water, Cloud Liquid Water/Ice, Atmospheric Water Vapor, Atmospheric Ozone, Oxygen Compounds, Boundary Layer Winds, Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Albedo, Snow Depth , Snow Water Equivalent , Terrestrial Water Storage
MERRA-2 tavgM_2d_flx_Nx: 2d,Monthly mean,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Surface Flux Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2TMNXFLX) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavgM_2d_slv_Nx: 2d,Monthly mean,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Single-Level Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2TMNXSLV) at GES DISC MERRA-2 tavgM_2d_lnd_Nx: 2d,Monthly mean,Time-Averaged,Single-Level,Assimilation,Land Surface Diagnostics 0.625 x 0.5 degree V5.12.4 (M2TMNXLND) at GES DISC High Mountain Asia UCLA Daily Snow Reanalysis V001 CSR TELLUS GRACE Level-3 Monthly Land Water-Equivalent-Thickness Surface Mass Anomaly Release 6.0 version 04
Subglacial hydrology modeling predicts high winter water pressure and spatially variable transmissivity at Helheim Glacier, Greenland
2023
Sommers, Aleah, Meyer, Colin, Morlighem, Mathieu, Rajaram, Harihar, Poinar, Kristin, Chu, Winnie, Mejia, Jessica
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Snow Grain Size, Surface Morphology
Remote sensing-based multi-scale characterization of ecohydrological indicators (EHIs) in India
2023
Bejagam, Vijaykumar, Sharma, Ashutosh
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Absorption, Radiative Forcing, Land Use/Land Cover Classification , Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Evapotranspiration , Photosynthesis, Primary Production, Vegetation Productivity
Sensitivity of Modeled Soil NOx Emissions to Soil Moisture
2023
Huber, Daniel E., Steiner, Allison L., Kort, Eric A.
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Runoff Rate, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Heat Flux, Surface Temperature , Evapotranspiration , Rain , Snow, Canopy Characteristics, Leaf Characteristics, Vegetation Cover, Albedo , Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff
Possibility of global gridded streamflow dataset correction: applications of large-scale watersheds with different climates
2023
Barkhordari, Hesam, Nasseri, Mohsen, Rezazadeh, Hamidreza
Longwave Radiation, Shortwave Radiation, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Heat Budget, Soil Temperature, Soil Temperature, Soil Infiltration, Soil Infiltration, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Surface Soil Moisture, Root Zone Soil Moisture, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Evaporation, Surface Water, Total Runoff, Average Flow, Average Flow, Precipitation , Snow/Ice , Snow Depth , Snow Melt , Snow/Ice Temperature, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Surface Pressure, Heat Flux, Surface Temperature , Humidity , Evapotranspiration , Surface Winds , Rain , Precipitation Rate , Snow, Land Surface Temperature , Snow Water Equivalent , Runoff , Air Temperature, Specific Humidity, Wind Speed , Snow Cover
Observed and simulated local climate responses to tropical deforestation
2023
Smith, Callum, Robertson, Eddy, Chadwick, Robin, Kelley, Douglas I, Argles, Arthur P K, Coelho, Caio A S, de Souza, Dayana C, Kubota, Paulo Y, Talamoni, Isabela L, Spracklen, Dominick V, Baker, Jessica C A
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Albedo , Anisotropy, Evapotranspiration , Photosynthesis, Primary Production, Latent Heat Flux, Land Use/Land Cover Classification
A Comparative Study of Climatology, Energy and Mass Exchange in Two
2023
Tchebakova, Nadezhda M., Zyryanov, Viacheslav I., Zyryanova, Olga A., Parfenova, Elena I., Kajimoto, Takuya, Matsuura, Yojiro
Permafrost , Soil Classification, Soil Temperature, Vegetation Cover, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Soil Respiration, Precipitation Amount, Alpine/Tundra, Biomass, Forests, Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), NET ECOSYSTEM CO2 EXCHANGE (NEE), Soil Depth, Gross Primary Production (gpp), Snow Depth , Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Surface Temperature
A deep transfer learning framework for mapping high spatiotemporal resolution LAI
2023
Zhou, Junxiong, Yang, Qi, Liu, Licheng, Kang, Yanghui, Jia, Xiaowei, Chen, Min, Ghosh, Rahul, Xu, Shaomin, Jiang, Chongya, Guan, Kaiyu, Kumar, Vipin, Jin, Zhenong
Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Reflectance , Anisotropy, Land Use/Land Cover Classification
2021 February Texas Ice Storm Induced Spring GPP Reduction Compensated
2023
Yang, Linqing, Liu, Meng
Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Evapotranspiration , Photosynthesis, Primary Production, Latent Heat Flux
A county-level soybean yield prediction framework coupled with XGBoost
2023
Li, Yuanchao, Zeng, Hongwei, Zhang, Miao, Wu, Bingfang, Zhao, Yan, Yao, Xia, Cheng, Tao, Qin, Xingli, Wu, Fangming
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Reflectance , Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity
A Long-term Consistent Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing-based Soil Moisture Dataset
2023
Skulovich, Olya, Gentine, Pierre
Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Brightness Temperature, Soil Moisture/Water Content , Vegetation Water Content, Brightness Temperature, Microwave Imagery
A Novel Approach for Predicting Large Wildfires Using Machine Learning
2023
Agrawal, Nikita, Nelson, Peder V., Low, Russanne D.
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI)
Application of Different Weighting Schemes and Stochastic Simulations to Parameterization Processes Considering Observation Error: Implications for ...
2023
Lee, Eunhee, Lee, Hyeonju, Park, Dongkyu, Hwang, Hyoun-Tae, Park, Changhui
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Approaches to assessing the daily average ground surface soil heat flux on a regional scale over the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
2023
Yang, Cheng, Wu, Tonghua, Hu, Guojie, Zhu, Xiaofan, Yao, Jimin, Li, Ren, Zhao, Lin, Zhang, Yinghui
Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation
Aerodynamic effects cause higher forest evapotranspiration and water
2023
Meili, Naika, Beringer, Jason, Zhao, Jiacheng, Fatichi, Simone
Land Surface Temperature , Emissivity, Vegetation Index , Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar), Evapotranspiration , Latent Heat Flux
Amplified drought trends in Nepal increase the potential for Himalayan wildfires
2023
Pokharel, Binod, Sharma, Shankar, Stuivenvolt-Allen, Jacob, Wang, Shih-Yu Simon, LaPlante, Matthew, Gillies, Robert R., Khanal, Sujan, Wehner, Michael, Rhoades, Alan, Hamal, Kalpana, Hatchett, Benjamin, Liu, Wan-Yu, Mukherjee, Sarbajit, Aryal, Deepak
Fire Occurrence, Surface Thermal Properties , Land Surface Temperature , THERMAL ANOMALIES, Leaf Characteristics, Photosynthetically Active Radiation , Leaf Area Index (LAI) , Fraction Of Absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation (fapar)