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Description

This dataset contains reconstructed global-mean sea level evolution and the estimated contributing processes over 1900-2018. Reconstructed sea level is based on annual-mean tide-gauge observations and uses the virtual-station method to aggregate the individual observations into a global estimate. The contributing processes consist of thermosteric changes, glacier mass changes, mass changes of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheet, and terrestrial water storage changes. The glacier, ice sheet, and terrestrial water storage are estimated by combining GRACE observations (2003-2018) with long-term estimates from in-situ observations and models. Steric estimates are based on in-situ temperature profiles. The upper- and lower bound represent the 5 and 95 percent confidence level. The numbers are equal to the ones presented in Frederikse et al. The causes of sea-level rise since 1900, Nature, 2020.This dataset was produced by the Heat and Ocean Mass from Gravity ESDR (HOMAGE) project, with funding from MeASUREs-2017. HOMAGE is combining satellite observations to create a set of ESDRs that provide a homogeneous basis for accurate and current quantification of the planetary sea level budget, ocean heat content, and large-scale ocean transport variations.

Product Summary

Platforms
GRACE-FO ,
GRACE
Instruments
GRACE-FO MWI ,
GRACE-FO SCA ,
GRACE-FO ACC ,
GRACE SCA ,
GRACE INTERFEROMETER ,
GRACE ACC
Spatial Extent

N: 89.5 S: -89.5 E: 180 W: -180

Geographic Region
GLOBAL
Coordinate System
CARTESIAN
Granule Spatial Representation
CARTESIAN
Temporal Extent
1900-01-01 to 2018-12-31
Data Partner
Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA (NASA/JPL/PODAAC)
Concept ID
C2491724765-POCLOUD
Data State
COMPLETE
Number of Files/Granules
1
Processing Level
4
Published
Updated
Science Keywords
Sea Surface Height

Citation

Citation is critically important for dataset documentation and discovery. This dataset is openly shared, without restriction, in accordance with the EOSDIS Data Use and Citation Guidance.

Copy Citation

Frederikse, T., Landerer, F., Caron, L., Adhikari, S., Parkes, D., Humphrey, V., Dangendorf, S., Hogarth, P., Zanna, L., Cheng, L., & Wu, Y.-H. (2020). Reconstructed Global Mean Sea Level from GRACE and In Situ 1900 to 2018 [Data set]. NASA Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center. https://doi.org/10.5067/GMSLT-FJPL1 Date Accessed: 2025-12-14

Documents

DATA CITATION GUIDELINES

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Variables

Variables are a set of physical properties whose values determine the characteristics or behavior of something. For example, temperature and pressure are variables of the atmosphere. Parameters and variables can be used interchangeably. Variable level attributes provide individual information for each variable.

The Name in this table is the variable name. Fill value indicates missing or undefined data points in a variable. Valid range is the range of values the variable can store. Scale factor is used to increase or decrease the size of an object and can be used to correct for distortion. For questions on a specific variable, please use the Earthdata Forum.

Name Description Units Data Type Fill Value Valid Range Scale Factor
AIS_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
AIS_mean Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
AIS_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
glac_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. The glacier term does not include peripheral glaciers of both ice sheets mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
glac_mean Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. The glacier term does not include peripheral glaciers of both ice sheets mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
glac_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. The glacier term does not include peripheral glaciers of both ice sheets mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_sea_level_change Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_sea_level_change_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_sea_level_change_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_thermosteric_sea_level_change Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_thermosteric_sea_level_change_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
global_average_thermosteric_sea_level_change_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
GrIS_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes glaciers in the Greenland periphery mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
GrIS_mean Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes glaciers in the Greenland periphery mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
GrIS_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes glaciers in the Greenland periphery mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
sum_of_contrib_processes_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
sum_of_contrib_processes_mean Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
sum_of_contrib_processes_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
time time days since 1900-01-01 00:00:00 UTC int N/A -1000000 to 1000000 1
tws_lower Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes the effects for groundwater depletion, reservoir impoundment and non-anthropogenic tws changes mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
tws_mean Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes the effects for groundwater depletion, reservoir impoundment and non-anthropogenic tws changes mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
tws_upper Value is relative to 2002-2019 baseline. This term includes the effects for groundwater depletion, reservoir impoundment and non-anthropogenic tws changes mm float -10000000 -1000000 to 1000000 1
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